GEDCOM explained: what it is and what it can’t do

Quick answer: GEDCOM is a genealogy data exchange file. It can move people, relationships and many life events between tools, but it may not preserve photos, media, custom fields or visual layouts perfectly.

GEDCOM sounds technical, but the idea is simple: it helps genealogy programs exchange family tree data. If you ever move from one tool to another or share research with a relative, GEDCOM may be useful. Still, it is not a perfect full backup. Understanding the limits prevents frustration when media files, notes or layouts do not appear exactly as expected.

What GEDCOM stores

GEDCOM usually stores names, births, deaths, marriages, places, family relationships, notes and sometimes source references. It is a structured text-based format, not an image of your tree.

This means it is good for data exchange, but not for preserving the exact look of your tree.

What may not transfer

Photos and documents may not be embedded directly. Some programs only link to media files stored elsewhere. Custom fields, relationship types and long notes can also behave differently between tools.

After every import, check a few branches carefully.

GEDCOM as a backup

A GEDCOM file is useful, but it should not be your only backup if your tree includes photos, documents or app-specific information. Keep a full app backup as well as any export files.

Think of GEDCOM as portability, not guaranteed full restoration.

When you need it

You need GEDCOM when moving between genealogy tools, sharing a tree with a relative who uses different software, or keeping a long-term open copy of your research.

Beginners do not need to master it immediately. First build a clean tree and back it up.

How to check an import

After importing GEDCOM, review names, birth names, parent-child connections, marriages, notes, sources and photos. Do not assume the transfer was perfect.

GEDCOM checklist

Create a backup before importing
Check several family branches after import
Review birth names and special characters
Verify media files separately
Check source notes
Do not rely on GEDCOM as the only backup

Next step

Keep your tree portable, but also keep a complete private backup: Create a free family tree.

FAQ

Is GEDCOM free?

GEDCOM is a file format. Whether import or export is free depends on the tool you use.

Does GEDCOM include photos?

Not always. Media files are often linked or stored separately.

Can I switch tools with GEDCOM?

Often yes, but you should always review the imported tree.

Is GEDCOM a complete backup?

Not necessarily. It is better as an exchange format than as the only backup.

Do beginners need GEDCOM?

Not right away. Start with accurate people and relationships first.